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Selection and Use of Pesticides for Non-polluted Vegetable Production
1 Selection of pesticides 1.1 The biological pesticides and acaricides commonly used in the production of biological pesticides are preferentially selected: Bt, avermectin, Liuyangmycin, Huaguangmycin, anthocyanin, rotenone, matrine, and veratrine; Fungicides: Jinggangmycin, kasugamycin, polyoxin, Wuyimycin, and agricultural streptomycin. 1.2 Reasonable selection of chemical pesticides Firstly, it is strictly prohibited to use highly toxic, highly toxic, high-residue, high-biomass collectives, high “triple†(teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic) pesticides and their complex formulations. Such as methamidophos, carbofuran, 1605, 3911, omethoate, insecticidal cockroaches, methicillin, 666, DDT, methylisophos, aldicarb, methomyl, zinc phosphide, monobloc Phosphorus, organic mercury preparations, etc. Some pesticide residues, such as dicofol, are decomposed slowly and remain in the crop after one year. It is also not suitable for use on vegetables. The second is to select highly efficient, low-toxic, low-residue chemical pesticides. The production of pollution-free vegetables allows the use of restricted chemical pesticides in a restricted manner. The quality of toxic residues in vegetables does not exceed the national hygiene standards. The metabolites in the human body are harmless and can be easily eliminated from the human body. The lethality to natural enemies is small. . Limited use of chemical insecticidal acaricides are trichlorfon, phoxim, dichlorvos, chlorpheniramine, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, konjac, shuangmi mic, nisolon,蚜 fog, butoprosumab, diflubenzuron, diflubenzuron, buprofezin and so on. Limited use of chemical fungicides: Bordeaux fluid, DT, chlorambucil, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, zeinzin, phosphine-aluminum, metalaxyl, trisodium phosphate and the like. 2 Pesticide use 2.1 The right medicine is based on a thorough understanding of the performance of pesticides and how they are used. According to the type of pests and diseases to be controlled, the appropriate pesticide type or dosage form should be used. For example, the stomach poison in pesticides is effective in preventing chewing mouthpart pests, and the prevention and treatment of puncture and sucking mouthparts is ineffective. Buprofezin has a special effect on whiteflies and nymphs, but it is ineffective for aphids; There are special effects, but the effect of preventing melons is poor; metalaxyl is effective against various kinds of vegetables such as downy mildew, early blight, and late blight, but it is not effective against powdery mildew. In the prevention and control of pests and diseases in protected areas, different types of pesticides can be flexibly selected according to weather conditions. Powders, wettable powders, and suspensions can be sprayed on sunny days. Cloudy sprays, dust sprays, or smoke can be used on cloudy days without adding sheds. The humidity in the room reduces the amount of leaf dew and leaf edge spit, which has a significant effect on the control of low temperature and high humidity. 2.2 Proper drug use According to the law of occurrence of pests and diseases, strictly control the best period of prevention and treatment, so that timely medication. If the vegetables are planted or planted, measures such as pesticide application in the greenhouse, soil treatment, and seed dressing, etc. should be taken; when localization of aphids and moths occur, the local application of pesticides is recommended. Different pesticides have different properties and the control period is not the same. Biological pesticides have a slower effect and should be used 2 to 3 days earlier than chemical pesticides. 2.3 The scientific use of drugs should pay attention to alternate rotation of pesticides using different mechanisms of action, can not be long-term singulation, to prevent pathogens or pests produce drug resistance, help maintain the control effect of the drug and its useful life. In the early stage of vegetable growth, high-efficiency and low-toxicity chemical pesticides and biopesticides are mixed or used alternately. In the later growth stage, biological pesticides are the main components. Use pesticides should promote low-volume spray method, and pay attention to uniform spraying. 2.4 Selecting the right spraying point or location When applying pesticides, determine the different parts of the plant as target according to the occurrence characteristics of different diseases and insect pests in different periods and conduct targeted pesticide application. To achieve timely control of pests and diseases, reduce pathogens and reduce the number of insects to reduce the use of drugs. For example, late blight usually occurs on the front (southern end) crop of the greenhouse first, so it is necessary to spray pesticide on the front crop in time. The occurrence of downy mildew is started from the lower leaf, and the focus of early prevention and control of downy mildew is on the lower leaf, which can reduce the upper leaf disease. Aphids, whiteflies and other pests inhabit the back of young leaves. Therefore, spraying must be uniform and the spray heads should be upward, focusing on the back of the spray. 2.5 Reasonable compounding agent adopts mixed drug method to achieve the purpose of one pesticide application to control various pests, but the pesticide compounding should maintain the original effective component or synergistic effect, do not increase toxicity to humans and animals and have good Physical properties are preconditions. Generally neutral pesticides can be mixed; neutral pesticides and acidic pesticides can be mixed; acidic pesticides can be mixed; alkaline pesticides can not be mixed with other pesticides; microbial pesticides (such as Bt) can not be the same with fungicides Highly absorbing pesticides are mixed; mixed pesticides should be used with mixing. When using various bio-sourced pesticides that are mixed with chemical pesticides, the compounded chemical pesticides can only be chemical pesticides that are allowed to be used in limited quantities. 2.6 Inadvertently increase the dosage and frequency of pesticide application The pesticide safety use guidelines and the pollution-free vegetable standards stipulate that each pesticide should be used in different vegetable crops, the number of applications, the maximum allowable residue, and the safety interval should be no pollution. The production of vegetables must be strictly enforced. It is necessary to thoroughly change the habit of increasing the dosage and frequency of spraying at random, and the backwardness of chaos with various pesticides. The safety interval for pyrethroid pesticides was 5-7 days, organophosphorus pesticides for 7-14 days, chlorothalonil, zearazinc, and carbendazim in fungicides for more than 14 days, and the remaining 7-10 days. The pesticide mixture performs safety intervals in which the most active ingredients remain. After the pesticide is sprayed on the vegetables, the pesticide must be degraded to no residue. Vegetables harvested many times must be sprayed after harvesting to ensure the health of consumers. Hu Yongjun, Bureau of Agriculture, Shouguang City, Shandong Province